{"id":1319,"date":"2020-01-14T08:06:55","date_gmt":"2020-01-14T08:06:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.waldorf-pb.cz\/?page_id=1319"},"modified":"2021-01-15T13:53:37","modified_gmt":"2021-01-15T13:53:37","slug":"casto-kladene-otazky","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/waldorf.pb.cz\/?page_id=1319","title":{"rendered":"\u010casto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

V\u00a0\u010dem se waldorfsk\u00e9 \u0161koly v\u016fbec li\u0161\u00ed od jin\u00fdch \u0161kol?<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Waldorfsk\u00e9 \u0161koly u d\u011bt\u00ed a dosp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed ml\u00e1de\u017ee vyv\u00e1\u017een\u011b rozv\u00edjej\u00ed rozumov\u00e9, kreativn\u00ed, um\u011bleck\u00e9, praktick\u00e9 a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed dovednosti. Vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed prob\u00edh\u00e1 formou epoch. Od prvn\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy se \u017e\u00e1ci u\u010d\u00ed dv\u011bma ciz\u00edm jazyk\u016fm. Chlapci a d\u011bv\u010data spole\u010dn\u011b v hodin\u00e1ch ru\u010dn\u00edch prac\u00ed pletou, h\u00e1\u010dkuj\u00ed a \u0161ij\u00ed, v \u0159emeslech \u0159e\u017eou, kovaj\u00ed a brous\u00ed. V um\u011bleck\u00e9 v\u00fdchov\u011b zvl\u00e1daj\u00ed v\u00edce hudebn\u00edch n\u00e1stroj\u016f, sborov\u00fd zp\u011bv a dramatickou v\u00fdchovu. Na rozd\u00edl od jin\u00fdch st\u00e1tn\u00edch \u0161kol d\u011bti nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed hotov\u00e9 u\u010debnice, kter\u00e9 nevyhovuj\u00ed dynamick\u00e9mu pojet\u00ed v\u00fduky. Vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed si vlastn\u00ed pracovn\u00ed se\u0161ity a u\u010d\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edvat encyklopedie, atlasy, jinou literaturu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co je to epochov\u00e9 vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed?<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Epochov\u00e9 vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed b\u00fdv\u00e1 zpravidla dvou a\u017e \u010dty\u0159t\u00fddenn\u00ed blok, ve kter\u00e9m se \u017e\u00e1ci intenzivn\u011b zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed jedn\u00edm p\u0159edm\u011btem (\u010desk\u00fd jazyk, matematika, kreslen\u00ed forem v ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch ro\u010dn\u00edc\u00edch, vlastiv\u011bda, p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bda, zem\u011bpis, p\u0159\u00edrodopis, chemie, fyzika), a to v r\u00e1mci rann\u00ed v\u00fduky (110 minut). D\u00edky t\u00e9to intenzit\u011b se mohou mnohem hloub\u011bji pono\u0159it do prob\u00edran\u00e9ho t\u00e9matu a jeho atmosf\u00e9ry. Tato dvouhodina je d\u00e1le rozd\u011blena na rytmickou, vyu\u010dovac\u00ed a vypr\u00e1v\u011bc\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st, kde jsou skrze r\u016fznorod\u00e9 aktivity oslovov\u00e1ny v\u016fle, cit a rozum. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed dovednosti jako \u010dten\u00ed, psan\u00ed a po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed si \u017e\u00e1ci upev\u0148uj\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b cel\u00fd rok a k tomuto \u00fa\u010delu slou\u017e\u00ed i cvi\u010debn\u00ed hodiny. Po epochov\u00e9m vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00ed odborn\u00e9 hodiny, kdy jsou vyu\u010dov\u00e1ny ciz\u00ed jazyky, hudba, t\u011blesn\u00e1 v\u00fdchova, \u0159emesln\u00e9 \u010dinnosti a jin\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak\u00e9 d\u011bti jsou p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1ny na waldorfskou \u0161kolu?<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Waldorfsk\u00e9 \u0161koly jsou otev\u0159eny v\u0161em d\u011btem nez\u00e1visle na jejich v\u00ed\u0159e, barv\u011b pleti, pohlav\u00ed a soci\u00e1ln\u00edmu statutu, kter\u00e1 spl\u0148uj\u00ed obvykl\u00e1 krit\u00e9ria zralosti a schopnosti pro \u0161koln\u00ed doch\u00e1zku. Waldorfsk\u00e9 \u0161koly jsou ur\u010deny stejn\u00e9mu spektru d\u011bt\u00ed jako jak\u00e9koli jin\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed \u0161koly. S rodi\u010di je nejprve veden pohovor o specifik\u00e1ch waldorfsk\u00e9 pedagogiky, pot\u00e9 se kon\u00e1 p\u0159ij\u00edmac\u00ed pohovor s d\u011btmi. P\u0159estup na waldorfskou \u0161kolu je mo\u017en\u00fd i ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch ro\u010dn\u00edc\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pro\u010d nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1ci ve waldorfsk\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch u\u010debnice?<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Dost\u00e1v\u00e1-li d\u00edt\u011b u\u010debnici, dost\u00e1v\u00e1 do ruky polotovar, kter\u00fd sta\u010d\u00ed oh\u0159\u00e1t, tedy nau\u010dit se a je uva\u0159eno. Tak jako se z nikoho oh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm polotovar\u016f nestane kucha\u0159, tak ani \u010dten\u00edm u\u010debnic se d\u00edt\u011b nenau\u010d\u00ed aktivn\u011b uchopovat sv\u011bt kolem sebe. Waldorfsk\u00e1 pedagogika od d\u00edt\u011bte chce, aby se nau\u010dilo nejen oh\u0159\u00edvat, ale i samo n\u011bco uva\u0159it. Proto d\u011bti m\u00edsto u\u010debnice dostanou na ka\u017edou epochu pr\u00e1zdn\u00fd se\u0161it, do kter\u00e9ho pak pod veden\u00edm u\u010ditele, na z\u00e1klad\u011b pro\u017eitk\u016f z vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed a ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch ro\u010dn\u00edc\u00edch i z odborn\u00e9 literatury vypracov\u00e1vaj\u00ed svoje vlastn\u00ed uchopen\u00ed prob\u00edran\u00e9 l\u00e1tky. U\u010d\u00ed se tak p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm metod\u011b, jak se v\u011bdomost\u00ed dobrat, a z\u00e1rove\u0148 jim v ruk\u00e1ch vznik\u00e1 jejich vlastn\u00ed u\u010debnice, ke kter\u00e9 se mohou pozd\u011bji v\u017edy vracet a u\u010dit se z n\u00ed.
\u201eD\u00e1te-li \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm u\u010debnici, je to jako byste jim dali ohromnou k\u0159\u00ed\u017eovku, kter\u00e1 ji\u017e je vylu\u0161t\u011bna. Nen\u00ed tam nic na pr\u00e1ci, snad krom\u011b toho, \u017ee by se j\u00ed musel nau\u010dit nazpam\u011b\u0165, co\u017e nen\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b \u00fakol, kter\u00fd by vzbuzoval nad\u0161en\u00ed nebo t\u0159\u00edbil inteligenci.\u201c (M. Brady)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co je kreslen\u00ed forem?<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Kreslen\u00ed forem je jedn\u00edm ze specifick\u00fdch vyu\u010dovac\u00edch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f waldorfsk\u00e9 pedagogiky. Jeho z\u00e1kladem jsou dynamick\u00e1 line\u00e1rn\u00ed cvi\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e1 zpo\u010d\u00e1tku slou\u017e\u00ed zejm\u00e9na k n\u00e1cviku obratnosti d\u011btsk\u00e9 ruky, vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 d\u00e1le p\u0159i v\u00fduce psan\u00ed p\u00edsmen a \u010d\u00edslic. Postupn\u011b v\u0161ak kreslen\u00ed forem oblast p\u00edsma dalece p\u0159esahuje. T\u00edm, \u017ee se d\u00edt\u011b u\u010d\u00ed vn\u00edmat z\u00e1konitosti mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi \u010d\u00e1stmi sv\u00e9 kresby a z\u00e1rove\u0148 sledovat vztah mezi kreslenou formou a jej\u00edm pozad\u00edm, vyv\u00edj\u00ed se v n\u011bm cit pro kompozici. Sou\u010dasn\u011b je p\u0159irozen\u011b polo\u017een z\u00e1klad pro pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed studium geometrie. Pro\u017e\u00edv\u00e1-li d\u00edt\u011b linii jako pohyb, kter\u00fd spo\u010dinul v klidu, \u010di jako gesto vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed ur\u010ditou n\u00e1ladu, dynamick\u00e9 line\u00e1rn\u00ed \u00falohy v n\u011bm probouzej\u00ed schopnost um\u011bleck\u00e9ho vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed. U\u010ditel, kter\u00fd se svou t\u0159\u00eddou pracuje na harmonizuj\u00edc\u00edch form\u00e1ch a cvi\u010den\u00edch podn\u011bcuj\u00edc\u00edch my\u0161lenkovou a voln\u00ed aktivitu, pom\u00e1h\u00e1 sv\u00fdm \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm rozvinout vlastn\u00ed osobnost. Kreslen\u00ed forem obohat\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ka\u017ed\u00fd vyu\u010dovac\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bt a je p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm pedagogick\u00fdm prost\u0159edkem k rozvoji p\u0159edstavivosti a flexibiln\u00edho my\u0161len\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kdo byl Rudolf Steiner a co m\u00e1 spole\u010dn\u00e9ho s\u00a0waldorfskou pedagogikou?<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Rudolf Steiner byl rakousk\u00fd filozof, kter\u00fd v roce 1919 zalo\u017eil prvn\u00ed waldorfskou \u0161kolu ve Stuttgartu. Samotn\u00e1 my\u0161lenka na zalo\u017een\u00ed \u0161koly vze\u0161la od Emila Molta, soci\u00e1ln\u011b anga\u017eovan\u00e9ho podnikatele (majitele firmy Waldorf Astoria), kter\u00fd cht\u011bl z\u0159\u00eddit \u0161kolu pro d\u011bti sv\u00fdch zam\u011bstnanc\u016f. Obsah a metody waldorfsk\u00e9 pedagogiky vych\u00e1zej\u00ed z poznatk\u016f Rudolfa Steinera o z\u00e1konitostech v\u00fdvoje d\u00edt\u011bte a dosp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed ml\u00e1de\u017ee. Krom\u011b pedagogiky na\u0161ly duchovn\u011b v\u011bdeck\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy R. Steinera uplatn\u011bn\u00ed tak\u00e9 v biologicko-dynamick\u00e9m zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed, architektu\u0159e a um\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jsou \u017e\u00e1ci na waldorfsk\u00e9 \u0161kole vyu\u010dov\u00e1ni ideologicky?<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Waldorf\u0161t\u00ed u\u010ditel\u00e9 usiluj\u00ed o v\u00fdchovu svobodn\u00fdch lid\u00ed, nev\u0161t\u011bpuj\u00ed jim tedy ur\u010dit\u00fd sv\u011btov\u00fd n\u00e1zor. Sp\u00ed\u0161e usiluj\u00ed o rozvinut\u00ed vloh sv\u00fdch sv\u011b\u0159enc\u016f do t\u00e9 m\u00edry, aby byli v dosp\u011blosti schopni vlastn\u00ed orientace, samostatn\u00e9ho, odpov\u011bdn\u00e9ho a soci\u00e1ln\u011b pozitivn\u011b zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. Waldorfsk\u00e9 \u0161koly nepreferuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed. Samotn\u00e9 duchovn\u011b v\u011bdeck\u00e9 sm\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed Rudolfa Steinera nen\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011btem vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pro\u010d se waldorfsk\u00e9 \u0161kole nezn\u00e1mkuje?<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ve waldorfsk\u00e9 \u0161kole se v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed slovn\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed v osm\u00e9m a dev\u00e1t\u00e9m ro\u010dn\u00edku na zn\u00e1mky kv\u016fli p\u0159ij\u00edmac\u00edmu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na st\u0159edn\u00ed \u0161koly. Do t\u00e9 doby se zn\u00e1mky a\u0165 u\u017e jako motiva\u010dn\u00edho \u010di porovn\u00e1vac\u00edho prost\u0159edku nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1. Nam\u00edsto toho u\u010ditel\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1vaj\u00ed v pololet\u00ed a na konci \u0161koln\u00edho roku detailn\u00ed charakteristiku \u017e\u00e1ka, jeho p\u0159\u00edstupu k u\u010den\u00ed, zvl\u00e1dnut\u00ed u\u010diva ve slovn\u00edm hodnocen\u00ed. To d\u00e1v\u00e1 mnohem \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed prostor k vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed se ke konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm probl\u00e9m\u016fm ve vyu\u010dovac\u00edm procesu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nen\u00ed tomu tak, \u017ee maj\u00ed na waldorfsk\u00e9 \u0161kole m\u00edsto p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm d\u011bti s\u00a0poruchami u\u010den\u00ed?<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Rozhodn\u011b ne. Pro d\u011bti s poruchami chov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010di u\u010den\u00ed existuj\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00ed waldorfsk\u00e9 \u0161koly, tzv. l\u00e9\u010debn\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed \u0161koly. Ostatn\u00ed waldorfsk\u00e9 \u0161koly jsou ur\u010deny stejn\u00e9mu spektru d\u011bt\u00ed jako jak\u00e9koliv jin\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed \u0161koly s t\u00edm rozd\u00edlem, \u017ee waldorfsk\u00e1 pedagogika oslovuje tak\u00e9 jejich schopnosti soci\u00e1ln\u00ed, \u0159emesln\u00e9 a um\u011bleck\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Waldorfsk\u00e9 \u0161koly se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u201esvobodn\u00fdmi \u0161kolami.\u201c Znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee jsou zde d\u011bti vychov\u00e1v\u00e1ny antiautoritativn\u011b?<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ne. Waldorf\u0161t\u00ed u\u010ditel\u00e9 na prvn\u00edm stupni naopak buduj\u00ed vztah, kter\u00fd je postaven na p\u0159irozen\u00e9 autorit\u011b u\u010ditele ke sv\u00fdm \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm. D\u011bti hledaj\u00ed sv\u00e9 hranice. Jen tehdy, jestli\u017ee jsou si d\u00edky dosp\u011bl\u00fdm v\u011bdomy t\u011bchto hranic, se c\u00edt\u00ed na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b jist\u011b a na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b vn\u00edmaj\u00ed tak\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed individu\u00e1ln\u00ed osobnost. B\u011bhem jednotliv\u00fdch v\u00fdvojov\u00fdch f\u00e1z\u00ed se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed tak\u00e9 vztah mezi u\u010ditelem a \u017e\u00e1kem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hraj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed v\u011bdy na waldorfsk\u00e9 \u0161kole v\u016fbec n\u011bjakou roli? A jak si waldorfsk\u00e1 \u0161kola stoj\u00ed s\u00a0v\u00fdukou informatiky?<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Na waldorfsk\u00e9 \u0161kole jsou p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed v\u011bdy zastoupeny stejn\u011b vyv\u00e1\u017een\u011b jako ostatn\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bty. P\u0159edm\u011bt \u201einformatika\u201c je pevnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed v\u00fduky na waldorfsk\u00e9 \u0161kole, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e pedagogov\u00e9 kladou d\u016fraz p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na to, aby se d\u011bti p\u0159ed t\u00edm, ne\u017e se sezn\u00e1m\u00ed s virtu\u00e1ln\u00edm sv\u011btem, d\u016fv\u011brn\u011b sezn\u00e1mily se sv\u011btem p\u0159irozen\u00fdm a se sv\u00fdmi soci\u00e1ln\u00edmi a tv\u016fr\u010d\u00edmi schopnostmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co je to eurytmie?<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Eurytmie je um\u011bn\u00ed pohybu, kter\u00e9 je vyu\u010dov\u00e1no ve v\u0161ech ro\u010dn\u00edc\u00edch. Na rozd\u00edl od gymnastick\u00fdch, pantomimick\u00fdch nebo tane\u010dn\u00edch pohyb\u016f, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt utv\u00e1\u0159eny zcela voln\u011b, existuje v eurytmii pro ka\u017ed\u00e9 p\u00edsmeno a t\u00f3n jasn\u011b dan\u00fd t\u011blesn\u00fd projev. V hl\u00e1skov\u00e9 eurytmii nap\u0159. \u017e\u00e1ci sv\u00fdm pohybem t\u011bla vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed, jak\u00e9 vok\u00e1ly v b\u00e1sni \u201e\u017eij\u00ed\u201c v t\u00f3nov\u00e9 eurytmii je pohybem vyj\u00e1d\u0159ena hudebn\u00ed kompozice, intervaly a lad\u011bn\u00ed skladby.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u00a0\u010dem se waldorfsk\u00e9 \u0161koly v\u016fbec li\u0161\u00ed od jin\u00fdch \u0161kol? Waldorfsk\u00e9 \u0161koly u d\u011bt\u00ed a dosp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed ml\u00e1de\u017ee vyv\u00e1\u017een\u011b rozv\u00edjej\u00ed rozumov\u00e9, kreativn\u00ed, um\u011bleck\u00e9, praktick\u00e9 a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed dovednosti. Vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed prob\u00edh\u00e1 formou epoch. Od prvn\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy se \u017e\u00e1ci u\u010d\u00ed dv\u011bma ciz\u00edm jazyk\u016fm. Chlapci a d\u011bv\u010data spole\u010dn\u011b v hodin\u00e1ch ru\u010dn\u00edch prac\u00ed pletou, h\u00e1\u010dkuj\u00ed a \u0161ij\u00ed, v \u0159emeslech \u0159e\u017eou, kovaj\u00ed a brous\u00ed. V um\u011bleck\u00e9 v\u00fdchov\u011b zvl\u00e1daj\u00ed v\u00edce hudebn\u00edch n\u00e1stroj\u016f, sborov\u00fd … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":437,"menu_order":15,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1319","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/waldorf.pb.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1319","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/waldorf.pb.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/waldorf.pb.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/waldorf.pb.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/waldorf.pb.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1319"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/waldorf.pb.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1319\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2128,"href":"https:\/\/waldorf.pb.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1319\/revisions\/2128"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/waldorf.pb.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/437"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/waldorf.pb.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1319"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}